王擁軍教授:中國(guó)缺血性腦卒中和短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作二級(jí)預(yù)防指南
2017-05-08 19:53
閱讀:13626
來(lái)源:環(huán)球醫(yī)學(xué)
責(zé)任編輯:謝嘉
[導(dǎo)讀] 缺血性腦卒中和短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)是最常見(jiàn)的腦血管病類型,我國(guó)腦卒中亞型中,近70%的患者為缺血性腦卒中。
缺血性腦卒中和短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)是最常見(jiàn)的腦血管病類型,我國(guó)腦卒中亞型中,近70%的患者為缺血性腦卒中[1]。最新數(shù)據(jù)顯示,我國(guó)缺血性腦卒中年復(fù)發(fā)率高達(dá)17.7%[2]。
有效的二級(jí)預(yù)防是減少?gòu)?fù)發(fā)和死亡的重要手段。自2010年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)神經(jīng)病學(xué)分會(huì)腦血管病學(xué)組發(fā)布《中國(guó)缺血性腦卒中和短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作二級(jí)預(yù)防指南2010》[3]以來(lái),世界范圍內(nèi)缺血性腦卒中及TIA二級(jí)預(yù)防領(lǐng)域增添了豐富的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。世界各國(guó)也先后發(fā)布或更新了指南和共識(shí)。為了規(guī)范中國(guó)腦血管病二級(jí)預(yù)防臨床實(shí)踐,中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)神經(jīng)病學(xué)分會(huì)腦血管病學(xué)組的專家對(duì)2010年二級(jí)預(yù)防指南進(jìn)行修訂。撰寫組通過(guò)復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)研究證據(jù),結(jié)合中國(guó)國(guó)情和臨床現(xiàn)狀,征求各方意見(jiàn)并充分討論達(dá)成共識(shí),集體制定了《中國(guó)缺血性腦卒中和短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作二級(jí)預(yù)防指南2014》,以期為神經(jīng)科醫(yī)師提供針對(duì)缺血性腦卒中和TIA合理、科學(xué)的二級(jí)預(yù)防止療策略,從而減少我國(guó)缺血性腦卒中及TIA患者的死亡率、復(fù)發(fā)率和致殘率。本指南中對(duì)推薦意見(jiàn)的推薦強(qiáng)度及證據(jù)的評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與《中國(guó)急性缺血性腦卒中診治指南2014》相同[3]。
一、危險(xiǎn)因素控制
腦血管病的危險(xiǎn)因素包括可預(yù)防和不可預(yù)防兩類,應(yīng)積極控制可預(yù)防的危險(xiǎn)因素,減少腦血管病的發(fā)生或復(fù)發(fā)。相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素可參考以往腦卒中一級(jí)預(yù)防指南及二級(jí)預(yù)防指南。本文重點(diǎn)介紹循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)充分、關(guān)注度高且可以進(jìn)行干預(yù)的危險(xiǎn)因素。
(一) 高血壓
高血壓是腦卒中和TIA最重要的危險(xiǎn)因素。在近期發(fā)生過(guò)缺血性腦卒中的患者中,高血壓的診斷率高達(dá)70%[4-6]。目前我國(guó)約有3.25億高血壓患者,但高血壓的知曉率、治療率及控制率均較低(分別為42.6%、34.1%和9.3%)[7]。
第一個(gè)證實(shí)腦卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防降壓治療有效性的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(Randomized Controlled Trial,RCT)是我國(guó)開(kāi)展的腦卒中后降壓治療研究(Post-stroke Antihypertensive Treatment Study,PATS)[8],該研究入選5665例近期發(fā)生TIA或小腦卒中(包括出血性和缺血性)的患者,完全隨機(jī)法分為吲達(dá)帕胺組和安慰劑組,平均隨訪24個(gè)月;結(jié)果顯示,吲達(dá)帕胺組的再發(fā)腦卒中率顯著低于安慰劑組(30.9% vs. 44.1%),腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低30%;提示對(duì)于我國(guó)以高鈉型為主的高血壓人群,利尿劑有顯著預(yù)防腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)的作用。隨后進(jìn)行的早期培哚普利預(yù)防腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)研究(Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study,PROGRESS)再次證實(shí)控制血壓在腦卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防中的有效性[9]。2009年的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析證實(shí)了降壓治療可以顯著降低腦卒中和TIA的再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且收縮壓降低越多,降低腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的效果越顯著[10]。目前,國(guó)際指南多推薦缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者的降壓目標(biāo)為<140/90mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)[11-12]。但對(duì)于不同病因的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,降壓的目標(biāo)值尚缺乏依據(jù)。皮質(zhì)下小腦卒中的二級(jí)預(yù)防(Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes,SPS3)研究[13]入組了3020例腔隙性梗死患者,隨機(jī)(非盲法)分為目標(biāo)收縮壓<130mmHg與130~149mmHg兩組,盡管兩組間的腦卒中年復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但收縮壓<130mmHg組患者的腦出血比例大幅減少,且兩組間嚴(yán)重低血壓的比例差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。安全性相似,提示對(duì)可能為小血管病病因的皮質(zhì)下小梗死,控制收縮壓<130mmHg可能更為適宜。支架和積極藥物管理預(yù)防顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄患者卒中復(fù)發(fā)(Stenting versus Aggressive Medical Therapy for Intracranial Arterial Stenosis,SAMMPRIS)研究中[14],對(duì)伴有癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,無(wú)論顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈支架治療組和單純強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科治療組,均給予了強(qiáng)化降壓治療,使收縮壓降至140mmHg以下,單純強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科治療組顯示了更好的治療效果。但對(duì)于由顱內(nèi)外動(dòng)脈狹窄造成的低血流動(dòng)力學(xué)原因?qū)е碌募毙匀毖阅X卒中或TIA[15],早期降壓可能會(huì)加重腦灌注不足并引發(fā)腦卒中加重或腦卒中再發(fā),但缺乏相關(guān)的臨床研究證據(jù)。
目前缺血性腦卒中或TIA急性期降壓時(shí)機(jī)尚不明確,最新公布的中國(guó)急性缺血性腦卒中降壓研究(China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke,CATIS)[16]探討了發(fā)病48小時(shí)內(nèi)的缺血性腦卒中急性期(入院24小時(shí)后)接受強(qiáng)化降壓治療,對(duì)14天內(nèi)或出院時(shí)以及3個(gè)月的死亡率和嚴(yán)重殘疾預(yù)后的影響,結(jié)果表明,急性期強(qiáng)化降壓組并無(wú)顯著獲益。盡管小血管病組表現(xiàn)出獲益的趨勢(shì),但總體結(jié)果差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這一研究提示在缺血性腦卒中急性期降壓可能是安全的,是否有部分患者可以從急性期降壓中獲益,尚需更多的研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
降壓治療減少腦卒中發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的獲益主要來(lái)自降壓本身,常用的各類降壓藥物都可以作為控制腦卒中患者血壓的治療選擇,應(yīng)結(jié)合腦卒中領(lǐng)域的RCT研究證據(jù)、不同降壓藥物的藥理特征以及患者的個(gè)體情況恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x擇降壓藥物。多數(shù)腦卒中患者需要降壓藥物的聯(lián)合使用,應(yīng)結(jié)合藥物機(jī)制和患者的耐受性及經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和愿望,恰當(dāng)組合或選擇新型的復(fù)方制劑。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
l
既往未接受降壓治療的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,發(fā)病數(shù)天后如果收縮壓≥140mmHg或舒張壓≥90mmHg,應(yīng)啟動(dòng)降壓治療(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù));對(duì)于血壓<140/90mmHg的患者,其降壓獲益并不明確(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
l
既往有高血壓病史且長(zhǎng)期接受降壓藥物治療的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,如果沒(méi)有絕對(duì)禁忌,發(fā)病后數(shù)天應(yīng)重新啟動(dòng)降壓治療(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。
l
由于顱內(nèi)大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性狹窄(狹窄率70%~99%)導(dǎo)致的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,推薦收縮壓降至140mmHg以下,舒張壓降至90mmHg以下(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。由于低血流動(dòng)力學(xué)原因?qū)е碌哪X卒中或TIA患者,應(yīng)權(quán)衡降壓速度與幅度對(duì)患者耐受性及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)影響(Ⅳ級(jí)推薦,D級(jí)證據(jù))。
l
降壓藥物種類和劑量的選擇以及降壓目標(biāo)值應(yīng)個(gè)體化,應(yīng)全面考慮藥物、腦卒中的特點(diǎn)和患者三方面因素(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
(二)脂代謝異常
膽固醇水平是導(dǎo)致缺血性腦卒中或TIA復(fù)發(fā)的重要因素。降低膽固醇水平可以減少缺血性腦卒中或TIA的發(fā)生、復(fù)發(fā)和死亡。強(qiáng)化降低膽固醇預(yù)防腦卒中(Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels,SPARCL)研究[17]是迄今為止唯一的針對(duì)非心源性缺血性腦卒中或TIA二級(jí)預(yù)防的RCT,其結(jié)果顯示強(qiáng)化降低膽固醇(阿托伐他汀,每日80mg)5年可使腦卒中的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低16%。SPARCL研究的亞組分析也表明,不同病因亞型、年齡、性別、基線膽固醇水平或是否存在頸動(dòng)脈狹窄及糖尿病的患者,長(zhǎng)期的他汀類藥物治療均有獲益[18-24]。2013年,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA在《ACC/AHA成人治療血脂降低動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指南》中被劃歸“動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾?。╝therosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)”[25]范疇。他汀類藥物降膽固醇治療的目標(biāo)被進(jìn)一步提升為降低ASCVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(ASCVD包括動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA、急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征、心肌梗死病史、穩(wěn)定或不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛、冠狀動(dòng)脈或其他動(dòng)脈血運(yùn)重建或動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性外周動(dòng)脈疾病),他汀類藥物也成為ASCVD二級(jí)預(yù)防的基礎(chǔ)治療方案之一。
由于目前尚缺乏以低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)目標(biāo)值為干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)的大型RCT研究數(shù)據(jù),因此對(duì)于缺血性腦卒中或TIA二級(jí)預(yù)防的患者,并不能對(duì)LDL-C治療目標(biāo)值作出明確的推薦。因此,目前對(duì)于缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者他汀類藥物治療的推薦基于其降低LDL-C的強(qiáng)度而非目標(biāo)值。正在進(jìn)行的“Treat Stroke to Target,TST”研究(ClinicalTrials.gov注冊(cè)號(hào):NCT01252875)旨在評(píng)估不同他汀類藥物治療目標(biāo)值的獲益,該研究將為L(zhǎng)DL-C治療目標(biāo)值提供直接的證據(jù)。綜合我國(guó)國(guó)情和國(guó)際指南建議,推薦他汀類藥物治療的強(qiáng)度分為高強(qiáng)度(LDL-C降低≥50%)和中等強(qiáng)度(LDL-C降低30%~50%)[12,25]。在實(shí)際工作中,LDL-C的目標(biāo)值仍然是臨床醫(yī)師評(píng)估他汀類藥物治療療效和依從性的重要參考,建議將LDL-C<1.8mmol/L(70mg/dl)作為評(píng)估降低膽固醇治療的參考目標(biāo)值。但此目標(biāo)值缺乏充分證據(jù),不宜作為治療評(píng)價(jià)的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
由于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化源性缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者的他汀類藥物治療獲益明確,因此,無(wú)論患者是否伴有冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病等其他類型的ASCVD,也無(wú)論其LDL-C的基線高低,原則上均需要在生活方式干預(yù)的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)患者的個(gè)體情況,啟動(dòng)他汀類藥物治療。
總體上,長(zhǎng)期使用他汀類藥物是安全的。雖然SPARCL研究提示,他汀類藥物可以顯著減少缺血性腦卒中的復(fù)發(fā),但是有出血性腦卒中史且正在服用他汀類藥物的患者,再次出血的比例增加,因此腦出血患者的他汀類藥物治療是否應(yīng)該使用一直存在爭(zhēng)議[18-24]。有研究顯示,腦出血后使用他汀類藥物治療與未使用他汀類藥物或腦出血后停用他汀類藥物治療的患者相比較,可以增加良好預(yù)后的比例[26-27],盡管這些研究結(jié)果提示腦出血后短期使用他汀類藥物治療安全,且可改善臨床預(yù)后,但仍應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎權(quán)衡他汀類藥物的使用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和獲益,實(shí)行個(gè)體化使用。他汀類藥物引起的肝酶異常通常為一過(guò)性的,停藥或減量后多可恢復(fù)。對(duì)于有腎功能損害的患者,應(yīng)恰當(dāng)選擇他汀類藥物的劑量。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
對(duì)于非心源性缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,無(wú)論是否伴有其他動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化證據(jù),推薦予高強(qiáng)度他汀類藥物長(zhǎng)期治療以減少腦卒中和心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。有證據(jù)表明,當(dāng)LDL-C下降≥50%或LDL≤70mg/dl(1.8mmol/L)時(shí),二級(jí)預(yù)防更為有效(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于LDL-C≥100mg/dl(2.6mmol/L)的非心源性缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,推薦強(qiáng)化他汀類藥物治療以降低腦卒中和心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù));對(duì)于LDL-C<100mg/dl(2.6mmol/L)的缺血性腦卒中/TIA患者,目前尚缺乏證據(jù),推薦強(qiáng)化他汀類藥物治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
由顱內(nèi)大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性狹窄(狹窄率70%~99%)導(dǎo)致的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,推薦高強(qiáng)度他汀類藥物長(zhǎng)期治療以減少腦卒中和心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn),推薦目標(biāo)值為L(zhǎng)DL-C≤70mg/dl(1.8mmol/L)(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。顱外大動(dòng)脈狹窄導(dǎo)致的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,推薦高強(qiáng)度他汀類藥物長(zhǎng)期治療以減少腦卒中和心血管事件(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
長(zhǎng)期使用他汀類藥物治療總體上是安全的。有腦出血病史的非心源性缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者應(yīng)權(quán)衡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和獲益并合理使用(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
他汀類藥物治療期間,如果監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)持續(xù)異常并排除其他影響因素,或出現(xiàn)指標(biāo)異常相應(yīng)的臨床表現(xiàn),應(yīng)及時(shí)減藥或停藥觀察(參考:肝酶超過(guò)3倍正常值上限,肌酶超過(guò)5倍正常值上限,應(yīng)停藥觀察);老年人或合并嚴(yán)重臟器功能不全的患者,初始劑量不宜過(guò)大(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
(三)糖代謝異常和糖尿病
在缺血性腦卒中患者中,60%~70%存在糖代謝異?;蛱悄虿。?8-30]。我國(guó)缺血性腦卒中住院患者糖尿病的患病率高達(dá)45.8%,糖尿病前期[包括空腹血糖受損(impaired fasting glucose,IFG)和(或)糖耐量受損(impaired glucose tolerance,IGT)]的患病率為23.9%,其中餐后高血糖是主要類型[31]。同時(shí),糖尿病是缺血性腦卒中患者臨床預(yù)后不良的重要危險(xiǎn)因素[5,32],CNSR數(shù)據(jù)顯示,糖尿病是缺血性腦卒中患者發(fā)病6個(gè)月發(fā)生死亡或生活依賴的***危險(xiǎn)因素[29]。中國(guó)腦卒中住院患者糖代謝異?;疾÷始敖Y(jié)局前瞻性研究(Abnormal Glucose Regulation in Patients with Acute Stroke Across China,ACROSS-China)結(jié)果顯示糖尿病前期是缺血性腦卒中患者發(fā)病1年內(nèi)發(fā)生死亡的***危險(xiǎn)因素[31]。鑒于此,臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)提高對(duì)缺血性腦卒中和TIA患者糖代謝異常管理的重視。
目前尚缺乏專門針對(duì)腦卒中患者糖尿病和糖尿病前期進(jìn)行干預(yù)的大型二級(jí)預(yù)防臨床研究。我國(guó)大慶研究顯示對(duì)IGT患者進(jìn)行生活方式干預(yù)可顯著降低遠(yuǎn)期糖尿病、心血管事件及死亡的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[33-34]。糖尿病預(yù)防項(xiàng)目試驗(yàn)(Diabetes Prevention Program,DPP)發(fā)現(xiàn)生活方式干預(yù)和藥物治療均能預(yù)防IGT向糖尿病發(fā)展,而生活方式干預(yù)明顯優(yōu)于二甲雙胍口服藥物治療[35]。而更嚴(yán)格地控制血糖,如糖化血紅蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)<6.0%或<6.5%,與當(dāng)前的目標(biāo)(HbA1c<7%~8%)相比對(duì)于預(yù)防非致死性冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病事件尤其是心肌梗死是有益的[36-38],但強(qiáng)化降糖治療并沒(méi)有降低全因死亡或腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而且強(qiáng)化治療成倍增加嚴(yán)重低血糖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[38]。培哚普利吲達(dá)帕胺(百普樂(lè))與格列齊特緩釋片(達(dá)美康)對(duì)照評(píng)估(Action in Diabetes and Vascular disease:Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation,ADVANCE)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),嚴(yán)格控制血糖使HbA1C<6.5%,血管事件的復(fù)合終點(diǎn)將顯著下降[36]。在吡格列酮大血管事件臨床試驗(yàn)(Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events,PROactive)研究中,吡格列酮能使有腦卒中病史的患者再發(fā)腦卒中的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低47%,使腦卒中、心肌梗死或血管性死亡的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低28%[39]。目前尚無(wú)足夠的證據(jù)推薦某一種降糖藥物針對(duì)預(yù)防腦卒中更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。總體建議目標(biāo)HbA1c≤7%,但要進(jìn)行個(gè)體化調(diào)整。對(duì)于沒(méi)有合并癥的年輕患者,早期應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)嚴(yán)格控制血糖。自我監(jiān)測(cè)血糖有助于控制血糖水平,尤其是用胰島素治療的糖尿病患者[40]。對(duì)于病程短、預(yù)期壽命長(zhǎng)和不伴有明顯心血管疾病的患者,如果能避免低血糖或其他不良反應(yīng),可以考慮更嚴(yán)格的血糖控制目標(biāo)(HbA1c為6.0%~6.5%)[41]。
參考美國(guó)糖尿病協(xié)會(huì)(American Diabetes Association,ADA)指南,建議臨床醫(yī)師采用以患者為中心的個(gè)體化治療原則,基于HbA1c預(yù)期值、藥物不良反應(yīng)和毒性、潛在的非血糖性獲益和花費(fèi)等因素,為患者提供個(gè)體化的合理降糖方案。對(duì)于伴有糖尿病的缺血性腦卒中患者,嚴(yán)格的生活方式干預(yù)、合理的營(yíng)養(yǎng)、脂代謝異常和高血壓的治療以及抗血小板藥物的長(zhǎng)期治療[42-43]同等重要。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
l
缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者糖代謝異常的患病率高,糖尿病和糖尿病前期是缺血性腦卒中患者腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)或死亡的***危險(xiǎn)因素,臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)提高對(duì)缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者血糖管理的重視(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
l
缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者發(fā)病后均應(yīng)接受空腹血糖、糖化血紅蛋白監(jiān)測(cè),無(wú)明確糖尿病病史的患者在急性期后應(yīng)常規(guī)接受口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn)來(lái)篩查糖代謝異常和糖尿?。á蚣?jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
l
對(duì)糖尿病或糖尿病前期患者進(jìn)行生活方式和(或)藥物干預(yù)能減少缺血性腦卒中或TIA事件,推薦HbA1c治療目標(biāo)為<7%(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。降糖方案應(yīng)充分考慮患者的臨床特點(diǎn)和藥物的安全性,制訂個(gè)體化的血糖控制目標(biāo),要警惕低血糖事件帶來(lái)的危害(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
l
缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者在控制血糖水平的同時(shí),還應(yīng)對(duì)患者的其他危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行綜合全面管理(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
(四)吸煙
多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí),吸煙[44-46]和被動(dòng)吸煙(或稱二手煙)[47-49]均為首次腦卒中的明確危險(xiǎn)因素。在我國(guó)不吸煙的女性中,發(fā)生腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與其丈夫吸煙所帶來(lái)的被動(dòng)吸煙密切相關(guān)[50],另一項(xiàng)研究顯示,中國(guó)不吸煙的女性中,被動(dòng)吸煙與缺血性腦卒中和周圍動(dòng)脈病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[48]。研究已證實(shí),戒煙有助于腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的下降[51-52]。關(guān)于戒煙方式的選擇,勸告、行為干預(yù)、藥物干預(yù)以及聯(lián)合干預(yù)對(duì)于吸煙者戒煙均可能是有效的[53-54]。但是,目前關(guān)于吸煙與腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)的相關(guān)性研究仍很少。心血管健康研究(Cardiovascular Health Study,CHS)發(fā)現(xiàn),吸煙與老年人腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加顯著相關(guān)[5]。尚無(wú)臨床研究證明戒煙是否有助于腦卒中或TIA患者降低腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
建議有吸煙史的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者戒煙(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。
建議缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者避免被動(dòng)吸煙,遠(yuǎn)離吸煙場(chǎng)所(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
可能有效的戒煙手段包括勸告、尼古丁替代產(chǎn)品或口服戒煙藥物(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
(五)睡眠呼吸暫停
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停是腦卒中的危險(xiǎn)因素[55-56]。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示腦卒中或TIA患者合并睡眠呼吸暫停的比例為43%~93%,其中最常見(jiàn)的是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停[57]。腦卒中患者合并睡眠呼吸暫停的死亡率[58-59]及殘疾率均顯著增加[58,60]。因此,推薦對(duì)合并有睡眠呼吸事件的腦卒中或TIA患者進(jìn)行多導(dǎo)睡眠圖的監(jiān)測(cè)[61]。
治療睡眠呼吸暫停的方法首選持續(xù)正壓通氣(continuous positive airways pressure,CPAP),但是目前對(duì)于CPAP治療腦卒中后合并睡眠呼吸暫停有效性的RCT相對(duì)較少,且結(jié)論并不一致。對(duì)于腦卒中急性期使用CPAP的患者可以改善預(yù)后[62-65],而針對(duì)亞急性期使用CPAP的效果仍存在爭(zhēng)議[66-68]。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
鼓勵(lì)有條件的醫(yī)療單位對(duì)缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者進(jìn)行呼吸睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
使用CPAP可以改善合并睡眠呼吸暫停的腦卒中患者的預(yù)后,可考慮對(duì)這些患者進(jìn)行CPAP治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
(六)高同型半胱氨酸血癥
高同型半胱氨酸血癥可增加腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),已發(fā)表研究顯示高同型半胱氨酸血癥可使腦卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加2倍左右[69]。
兩項(xiàng)基于人群隊(duì)列研究的大樣本薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),將同型半胱氨酸降低25%可將腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低11%~16%[70-71]。補(bǔ)充葉酸超過(guò)36個(gè)月,將同型半胱氨酸降低20%,似乎可以預(yù)防腦卒中的發(fā)生。然而,針對(duì)腦卒中的二級(jí)預(yù)防進(jìn)行葉酸補(bǔ)充的臨床試驗(yàn)并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)補(bǔ)充降低同型半胱氨酸的維生素可降低腦卒中的再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前缺乏大樣本量的同型半胱氨酸相關(guān)基因(MTHFR 677C→T)與卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)研究[72]。
心臟結(jié)局預(yù)防評(píng)估研究(Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-2,HOPE-2)[73]在伴有血管疾病或糖尿病的患者中比較了降低同型半胱氨酸治療(口服維生素)與安慰劑對(duì)心腦血管事件的預(yù)防效果。入組人群包括12%的TIA或腦卒中患者。結(jié)果顯示,維生素治療沒(méi)有降低5年主要終點(diǎn)事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(包括心血管疾病所致復(fù)合性死亡、心肌梗死和腦卒中),但能夠降低腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。維生素預(yù)防腦卒中(Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention,VISP)研究[74]將非心源性腦卒中患者隨機(jī)分組,輕度到中度高同型半胱氨酸血癥的患者接受高劑量或低劑量維生素治療2年,結(jié)果顯示,腦卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與同型半胱氨酸的水平有關(guān),高劑量維生素治療組同型半胱氨酸水平的平均降低幅度更大,但腦卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)卻并未下降。維生素預(yù)防腦卒中(VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke trial,VITATOPS)[75]研究同樣未能證實(shí)近期發(fā)生腦卒中或TIA患者給予維生素治療能夠預(yù)防腦卒中、心肌梗死或血管性死亡的復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
l
對(duì)近期發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中或TIA且血同型半胱氨酸輕度到中度增高的患者,補(bǔ)充葉酸、維生素B6以及維生素B12可降低同型半胱氨酸水平。尚無(wú)足夠證據(jù)支持降低同型半胱氨酸水平能夠降低腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
二、口服抗血小板藥物在非心源性缺血性腦卒中或TIA二級(jí)預(yù)防中的應(yīng)用
研究顯示,抗血小板治療能顯著降低既往伴有缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者嚴(yán)重血管事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(非致命性心肌梗死、非致命性腦卒中和血管源性死亡)。目前循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)充分的抗血小板藥物包括阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、阿司匹林和雙嘧達(dá)莫復(fù)方制劑、噻氯匹定[12]。我國(guó)臨床應(yīng)用較多的是阿司匹林和氯吡格雷。阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、阿司匹林和雙嘧達(dá)莫復(fù)方制劑、噻氯匹定抗血小板治療的證據(jù)充分,已經(jīng)得到臨床醫(yī)師的廣泛認(rèn)可和熟練運(yùn)用,我們將重點(diǎn)介紹近年來(lái)聯(lián)合抗血小板治療以及西洛他唑等新藥的相關(guān)臨床研究。
快速評(píng)價(jià)腦卒中和TIA預(yù)防早期復(fù)發(fā)研究(Fast Assessment of Stroke and Transient ischemic attack to prevent Early Recurrence,F(xiàn)ASTER)[76]對(duì)發(fā)病24小時(shí)內(nèi)的TIA或輕型缺血性腦卒中患者,隨機(jī)分組后分別給予阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療和阿司匹林單藥治療,觀察并比較兩組患者90天的臨床預(yù)后情況,結(jié)果顯示,早期雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療降低了腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)絕對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的趨勢(shì),且未增加顱內(nèi)出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。該試驗(yàn)因病例募集過(guò)慢而停止,且未能得出確定性結(jié)論。氯吡格雷用于急性非致殘性腦血管事件高危人群的療效(Clopidogrel and Aspirin versus Aspirin Alone for the Treatment of High-risk Patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Event,CHANCE)研究[77]在5170例伴有高復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)急性輕型缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者中比較了氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療與阿司匹林單藥的有效性與安全性,結(jié)果顯示,相對(duì)于阿司匹林單藥,雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療組90天腦卒中發(fā)生的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低32%,絕對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度降低3.5%,且未增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對(duì)于伴有癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄的TIA和缺血性腦卒中患者,氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林與單獨(dú)使用阿司匹林對(duì)于減少急性癥狀性腦動(dòng)脈或頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者的栓塞研究(Clopidogrel Plus Aspirin versus Aspirin Alone for Reducing embolisation in Patients with Acute Symptomatic Cerebralor Carotid Artery Stenosis,CLAIR)[78]結(jié)果顯示,短期內(nèi)給予氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林治療較阿司匹林單獨(dú)治療可顯著減少微栓子數(shù)量,且未增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。SAMMPRIS研究中[14,79]針對(duì)伴有癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄的TIA和缺血性腦卒中患者給予氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林治療持續(xù)90天,30天腦卒中或死亡的發(fā)生率為5.8%,1年時(shí)為12.2%,2年時(shí)為10.1%,3年時(shí)為14.9%,低于以往WASID[80]研究中的腦卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(在30天和1年時(shí)腦卒中或死亡的發(fā)生率分別為10.7%和25.0%)。但是受不同的危險(xiǎn)因素控制水平和醫(yī)療體系的限制,不同臨床試驗(yàn)在不同時(shí)期進(jìn)行比較有很大的局限性,氯吡格雷與阿司匹林聯(lián)合治療比阿司匹林單藥治療顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄的TIA和缺血性腦卒中的療效仍需要Ⅲ期隨機(jī)平行對(duì)照試驗(yàn)研究來(lái)加以證實(shí)。
TIA或腦卒中高?;颊邞?yīng)用氯吡格雷治療動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性血栓形成研究(Management of Atherothrombosis with Clopidogd in High-Risk Patients with Recent Transient Ischemic Attacks or Ischemic Stroke,MATCH)[81]比較了在近期發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中或TIA的患者中,氯吡格雷+阿司匹林聯(lián)合治療與氯吡格雷單藥治療預(yù)防血管事件的有效性和安全性。與氯吡格雷單藥治療相比,聯(lián)合治療在減少缺血性事件(心肌梗死、腦梗死、血管相關(guān)死亡、因急性缺血性事件再住院)方面無(wú)顯著優(yōu)勢(shì),但針對(duì)嚴(yán)重出血事件療效顯著增高。同樣,用于動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性血栓形成高危患者及對(duì)缺血事件的穩(wěn)定、處理和規(guī)避(Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization,Management,and Avoidance,CHARISMA)研究[82]結(jié)果顯示,在伴有心血管疾病或多種危險(xiǎn)因素的患者中,氯吡格雷+阿司匹林聯(lián)合治療與阿司匹林單藥治療比較,雙抗不能減少心肌梗死、腦卒中及心血管性死亡的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在對(duì)缺血性腦卒中和TIA患者進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)亞組分析結(jié)果顯示[83],與阿司匹林單藥治療相比,聯(lián)合治療的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高而未能減少缺血事件。SPS3研究[84]證實(shí)在近期發(fā)生皮質(zhì)下梗死的腦卒中患者中,長(zhǎng)期氯吡格雷+阿司匹林聯(lián)合治療與阿司匹林單藥治療比較,也不能減少腦卒中的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)且能夠顯著增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。上述3項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果均提示長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用氯吡格雷聯(lián)合阿司匹林抗血小板治療在腦卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防中增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而不降低腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。最新的薈萃分析[85]也指出對(duì)于缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,1年以上雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療會(huì)增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而不能降低腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
對(duì)于伴有癥狀性主動(dòng)脈動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的缺血性腦卒中和TIA患者,主動(dòng)脈弓相關(guān)腦血管病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Aortic Arch Related Cerebral Hazard Trial,ARCH)研究[86]針對(duì)伴有主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的TIA或缺血性腦卒中動(dòng)脈栓塞患者,比較了阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷治療和華法林單獨(dú)治療對(duì)聯(lián)合血管性事件(腦梗死、心肌梗死、血管性死亡及顱內(nèi)出血)的預(yù)防作用。結(jié)果顯示,兩種治療方案中聯(lián)合血管性事件發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
西洛他唑與阿司匹林對(duì)缺血性腦卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防作用的比較研究(Cilostazol versus Aspirin for Secondary Ischemic Stroke Prevention,CASISP)[87]和西洛他唑腦卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防研究(Cilostazol for prevention of secondary stroke,CSPS 2)[88]均表明,在亞洲缺血性腦卒中和TIA人群中,西洛他唑在預(yù)防血管性事件發(fā)生方面不劣于阿司匹林,且不增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但西洛他唑組相對(duì)于阿司匹林組停藥率高,頭痛、頭暈和心動(dòng)過(guò)速等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率較阿司匹林治療組高[88]。西洛他唑在腦卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防中的作用是否優(yōu)于阿司匹林尚需要更大樣本的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)加以證實(shí)。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
對(duì)于非心源性栓塞性缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,建議給予口服抗血小板藥物而非抗凝藥物預(yù)防腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)及其他心血管事件的發(fā)生(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。
阿司匹林(50~325mg/d)或氯吡格雷(75mg/d)單藥治療均可以作為首選抗血小板藥物(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。阿司匹林單藥抗血小板治療的最佳劑量為75~150mg/d。阿司匹林(25mg)+緩釋型雙嘧達(dá)莫(200mg)2次/天或西洛他唑(100mg)2次/天,均可作為阿司匹林和氯吡格雷的替代治療藥物(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))??寡“逅幬飸?yīng)在患者危險(xiǎn)因素、費(fèi)用、耐受性和其他臨床特性的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行個(gè)體化選擇(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于發(fā)病在24小時(shí)內(nèi),具有腦卒中高復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(**D2評(píng)分≥4分)的急性非心源性TIA或輕型缺血性腦卒中(NIHSS評(píng)分≤3分),應(yīng)盡早給予阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷治療21天(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。此后阿司匹林或氯吡格雷均可作為長(zhǎng)期二級(jí)預(yù)防一線用藥(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于發(fā)病30天內(nèi)伴有癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄(狹窄率為70%~99%)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,應(yīng)盡早給予阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷治療90天(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。此后阿司匹林或氯吡格雷均可作為長(zhǎng)期二級(jí)預(yù)防一線用藥(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于伴有主動(dòng)脈弓動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊證據(jù)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,推薦抗血小板及他汀類藥物治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))??诜鼓幬锱c阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷藥物治療效果的比較尚無(wú)肯定結(jié)論(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于非心源性栓塞性缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,不推薦常規(guī)長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷抗血小板治療(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。
三、心源性栓塞的抗栓治療
(一)心房顫動(dòng)
心房顫動(dòng)(atrial fibrillation)的重要并發(fā)癥是心源性腦栓塞。研究表明,心房顫動(dòng)患者口服華法林抗凝治療能有效預(yù)防缺血性腦卒中[89-90],使腦卒中發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降60%以上[91]。因此,若無(wú)禁忌證,理論上所有發(fā)生過(guò)腦卒中事件的心房顫動(dòng)患者都需要長(zhǎng)期口服抗凝藥物治療,但在臨床實(shí)踐中,心房顫動(dòng)患者的華法林使用卻存在嚴(yán)重不足[92-93],我國(guó)伴有心房顫動(dòng)的缺血性腦卒中患者華法林治療率僅為16.2%[94]。
華法林在心房顫動(dòng)患者腦卒中一級(jí)預(yù)防[91]及二級(jí)預(yù)防[95]中均有明確的治療價(jià)值。華法林抗凝治療的最佳劑量是維持國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)在2.0~3.0可以兼顧療效與出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[96]。對(duì)于接受抗凝治療仍發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中或TIA的心房顫動(dòng)患者,沒(méi)有證據(jù)支持增加用藥劑量能夠預(yù)防缺血性事件。
一項(xiàng)薈萃分析結(jié)果提示對(duì)于合并心房顫動(dòng)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,若不能接受口服抗凝藥物治療,阿司匹林單藥治療有效[97]。氯吡格雷聯(lián)合厄貝沙坦預(yù)防心房顫動(dòng)患者發(fā)生血管事件研究(Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial With Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular Events,ACTIVE-A)[98]證實(shí)了不適宜抗凝治療的心房顫動(dòng)患者使用阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷治療的益處,但會(huì)增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
ACTIVE-W研究[99]證實(shí)了在心房顫動(dòng)患者中,抗凝優(yōu)于雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療。歐洲房顫試驗(yàn)(European Atrial Fibrillation Trial,EAFT)[95]同樣證實(shí),對(duì)于合并心房顫動(dòng)的TIA或輕型腦卒中患者,抗凝治療優(yōu)于抗血小板治療。
新型口服抗凝藥服用方便且無(wú)須調(diào)整劑量和頻繁監(jiān)測(cè)INR值,且非瓣膜心房顫動(dòng)患者獲益明確、出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低,因而得到近年各國(guó)指南的推薦。多項(xiàng)RCT研究[100-104]驗(yàn)證了達(dá)比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班以及依度沙班在心房顫動(dòng)患者中預(yù)防腦卒中及栓塞事件的有效性及安全性。新型口服抗凝藥物為心房顫動(dòng)患者血栓栓塞并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防提供了新的選擇,但由于在我國(guó)應(yīng)用的時(shí)間和臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)有限,廣泛使用仍有困難,華法林仍然是首選的口服抗凝藥物。
肝素急性腦栓塞中使用的研究(Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial,HAEST)[105]是唯一探討抗凝時(shí)機(jī)的RCT研究。結(jié)果顯示,無(wú)出血高危因素的患者30小時(shí)內(nèi)應(yīng)用低分子肝素或阿司匹林的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低[106]。EAFT研究提示發(fā)病14天內(nèi)啟動(dòng)抗凝治療有效[95]。美國(guó)胸科醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)(American College of Chest Physicians,ACCP)于2012年推薦[96],對(duì)于非大面積腦梗死和未合并其他出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的心源性栓塞患者,推薦在2周內(nèi)啟動(dòng)抗凝治療。對(duì)于出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,栓塞面積大或血壓控制不良的患者,抗凝時(shí)間應(yīng)延長(zhǎng)到14天之后。2013年歐洲心臟節(jié)律協(xié)會(huì)非瓣膜性心房顫動(dòng)患者服用新型口服抗凝劑臨床實(shí)踐指南建議,抗凝的時(shí)機(jī)要考慮腦卒中病灶大小和嚴(yán)重程度,建議TIA后1天即可抗凝;非致殘性的小面積梗死,應(yīng)在3天后抗凝,中度面積梗死應(yīng)在6天后使用;而大面積梗死應(yīng)等待至少2~3周[106-107]。2014年加拿大心房顫動(dòng)管理指南[108]強(qiáng)調(diào):具有口服抗凝藥物適應(yīng)癥的機(jī)械瓣膜、風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣狹窄、腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率15~30ml/(min?1.73m2)的患者應(yīng)該首選華法林而非新型口服抗凝藥物。
在我國(guó),首發(fā)缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者心房顫動(dòng)的患病率為11.45%,這一數(shù)據(jù)顯著低于國(guó)外數(shù)據(jù)(17.8%~24.6%)[109-112],提示我國(guó)缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者心房顫動(dòng)的檢出率低。在目前常規(guī)檢測(cè)手段下(常規(guī)心電圖或24小時(shí)心電監(jiān)測(cè)),約10%的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者在住院期間檢出新發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)[113]。卒中患者陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)登記(stroke and monitoring for paf in real time,SMART)[114]采用連續(xù)30天心電監(jiān)測(cè)方法,可將心房顫動(dòng)檢出率提高11%。EMBRACE(Event Monitor Belt for Recording Atrial Fibrilliation after a Cerebral Ischemic Event)研究[115]以常規(guī)24小時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)心電監(jiān)測(cè)未發(fā)現(xiàn)心房顫動(dòng)的近期隱源性缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者為研究人群,比較30天心電監(jiān)測(cè)和重復(fù)24小時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)心電監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng)的檢出率,結(jié)果顯示,重復(fù)24小時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)心電監(jiān)測(cè)記錄中只發(fā)現(xiàn)4%的心房顫動(dòng),而在30天的心電記錄中發(fā)現(xiàn)20%。延長(zhǎng)心電監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)間可提高心房顫動(dòng)的檢出率,這對(duì)于預(yù)防心房顫動(dòng)導(dǎo)致的心源性栓塞意義重大。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
l
對(duì)伴有心房顫動(dòng)(包括陣發(fā)性)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,推薦使用適當(dāng)劑量的華法林口服抗凝治療,預(yù)防再發(fā)的血栓栓塞事件。華法林的目標(biāo)劑量是維持INR在2.0~3.0(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。
新型口服抗凝劑可作為華法林的替代藥物,新型口服抗凝劑包括達(dá)比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班以及依度沙班(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù)),選擇何種藥物應(yīng)考慮個(gè)體化因素。
伴有心房顫動(dòng)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,若不能接受口服抗凝藥物治療,推薦應(yīng)用阿司匹林單藥治療(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。也可以選擇阿司匹林聯(lián)合氯吡格雷抗血小板治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
伴有心房顫動(dòng)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,應(yīng)根據(jù)缺血的嚴(yán)重程度和出血轉(zhuǎn)化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),選擇抗凝時(shí)機(jī)。建議出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)功能癥狀14天內(nèi)給予抗凝治療預(yù)防腦卒中復(fù)發(fā),對(duì)于出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高的患者,應(yīng)適當(dāng)延長(zhǎng)抗凝時(shí)機(jī)(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,盡可能接受24小時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢查。對(duì)于原因不明的患者,建議延長(zhǎng)心電監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)間,以確定有無(wú)抗凝治療指征(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
(二)其他心源性栓塞
急性心肌梗死后缺血性腦卒中為心肌梗死的心臟外并發(fā)癥之一。大面積心肌梗死尤其是前壁心肌梗死伴心尖受累容易出現(xiàn)左心室附壁血栓,若患者出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低,應(yīng)考慮抗凝治療以預(yù)防血栓的發(fā)生。一旦診斷附壁血栓,需應(yīng)用維生素K拮抗劑口服抗凝治療,但在已行支架置入術(shù)治療并進(jìn)行雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療時(shí),加用口服抗凝劑可增加患者的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此在充分考慮患者意愿的情況下,抗凝加雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療僅用于ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction)出現(xiàn)體循環(huán)或靜脈血栓栓塞事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大于出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)。當(dāng)需要采用三聯(lián)抗栓治療時(shí),需控制INR范圍在2.0~2.5。
瓣膜性心臟?。ǘ獍戟M窄、二尖瓣環(huán)鈣化、二尖瓣反流,二尖瓣脫垂、主動(dòng)脈瓣病變、人工心臟瓣膜、生物瓣膜)也能增加心源性栓塞導(dǎo)致的腦血管病事件。瓣膜性心臟病的抗栓治療對(duì)減少血栓形成具有重要意義,但同時(shí)必須考慮到其可能會(huì)增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此,抗栓治療需要在血栓形成和出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間尋找最佳平衡點(diǎn)[116-118]??傊呐K疾病導(dǎo)致的心源性栓塞腦卒中患者應(yīng)盡早于心血管病科就診。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
伴有急性心肌梗死的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,影像學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)左室附壁血栓形成,推薦給予至少3個(gè)月的華法林口服抗凝治療(目標(biāo)INR值為2.5,范圍2.0~3.0)(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。如無(wú)左室附壁血栓形成,但發(fā)現(xiàn)前壁無(wú)運(yùn)動(dòng)或異常運(yùn)動(dòng),也應(yīng)考慮給予3個(gè)月的華法林口服抗凝治療(目標(biāo)INR值為2.5,范圍2.0~3.0)(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于有風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣病變但無(wú)心房顫動(dòng)及其他危險(xiǎn)因素(如頸動(dòng)脈狹窄)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,推薦給予華法林口服抗凝治療(目標(biāo)INR值為2.5,范圍2.0~3.0)(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于已使用華法林抗凝治療的風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣疾病患者,發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中或TIA后,不應(yīng)常規(guī)聯(lián)用抗血小板治療(Ⅲ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。但在使用足量的華法林治療過(guò)程中仍出現(xiàn)缺血性腦卒中或TIA時(shí),可加用阿司匹林抗血小板治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
不伴有心房顫動(dòng)的非風(fēng)濕性二尖瓣病變或其他瓣膜病變(局部主動(dòng)脈弓、二尖瓣環(huán)鈣化、二尖瓣脫垂等)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,可以考慮抗血小板聚集治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于植入人工心臟瓣膜的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,推薦給予長(zhǎng)期華法林口服抗凝治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于已經(jīng)植入人工心臟瓣膜的既往有缺血性腦卒中或TIA病史的患者,若出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低,可在華法林抗凝的基礎(chǔ)上加用阿司匹林(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
四、癥狀性大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性缺血性腦卒中或TIA的非藥物治療
(一)頸動(dòng)脈顱外段狹窄
目前,頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜剝脫術(shù)(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)和頸動(dòng)脈支架置入術(shù)(carotid artery stenting,CAS)已成為癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈狹窄除內(nèi)科藥物治療外的主要治療手段。
北美癥狀性頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)研究(North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial,NASCET)[119]、歐洲頸動(dòng)脈手術(shù)試驗(yàn)(European Carotid Surgery Trial,ECST)[120]以及退伍軍人合作研究(Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Program)[121]3項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)于重度頸動(dòng)脈狹窄(狹窄程度70%~99%)患者,CEA聯(lián)合藥物治療在預(yù)防致殘性腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)或死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)優(yōu)于單純藥物治療,而對(duì)于中度頸動(dòng)脈狹窄(狹窄程度50%~69%)患者,可權(quán)衡手術(shù)利弊后考慮施行CEA;對(duì)于輕度頸動(dòng)脈狹窄(狹窄程度<50%)患者,手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大于獲益。上述3項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果的薈萃分析顯示,對(duì)于頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈顱外段近全狹窄(>99%)或閉塞的患者,CEA遠(yuǎn)期療效不佳[122]。治療時(shí)機(jī)方面,上述3項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果表明,腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)多發(fā)生于首次缺血事件后2周內(nèi)。對(duì)NASCET及ECST研究結(jié)果的進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在急性輕型腦卒中或TIA發(fā)病后2周內(nèi)早期施行CEA能夠顯著降低發(fā)病30天內(nèi)的腦卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及死亡率[123],因此如無(wú)手術(shù)禁忌,應(yīng)盡早施行CEA?;颊咝詣e、年齡及伴發(fā)疾病等因素可能會(huì)影響CEA的手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),部分RCT亞組分析提示男性、年齡>70歲的患者可能從CEA中有更多獲益[124-126]。手術(shù)技術(shù)水平是圍術(shù)期腦卒中事件發(fā)生的重要因素,現(xiàn)有的大樣本研究報(bào)道圍術(shù)期死亡和卒中復(fù)發(fā)率約為6%[127],考慮到麻醉及圍術(shù)期管理水平的提高,因此,美國(guó)腦卒中協(xié)會(huì)建議由圍術(shù)期死亡和卒中復(fù)發(fā)率<6%的醫(yī)療中心及術(shù)者開(kāi)展CEA[128]。
CAS已經(jīng)成為除CEA以外,治療顱外頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的另一種重要治療方法,在頸動(dòng)脈狹窄腦卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防研究中,將CAS與CEA進(jìn)行了多項(xiàng)對(duì)比研究,目前以頸動(dòng)脈血管形成動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜切除術(shù)與支架試驗(yàn)對(duì)比研究(Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial,REST)為代表的幾項(xiàng)大型研究結(jié)果證實(shí)[125,129-132],圍術(shù)期30天內(nèi)任何腦卒中和術(shù)后同側(cè)腦卒中發(fā)生率在CAS組(5.5%)稍高于CEA組(3.2%),但CEA組心肌梗死的發(fā)生率(2.3%)高于CAS組(1.0%),但兩者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,中長(zhǎng)期的隨訪顯示經(jīng)這兩種方法治療后,腦卒中發(fā)生率也無(wú)明顯差異。說(shuō)明CAS對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的治療仍是可供選擇的一種方法,CEA和CAS不是相互排斥的關(guān)系,應(yīng)是相互補(bǔ)充的關(guān)系。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
對(duì)于近期發(fā)生TIA或6個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中合并同側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈顱外段嚴(yán)重狹窄(70%~99%)的患者,如果預(yù)計(jì)圍術(shù)期死亡和卒中復(fù)發(fā)率<6%,推薦進(jìn)行CEA或CAS治療(Ⅰ類推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。CEA或CAS的選擇應(yīng)依據(jù)患者個(gè)體化情況(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于近期發(fā)生TIA或6個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中合并同側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈顱外段中度狹窄(50%~69%)的患者,如果預(yù)計(jì)圍術(shù)期死亡和卒中復(fù)發(fā)率<6%,推薦進(jìn)行CEA或CAS治療(Ⅰ類推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。CEA或CAS的選擇應(yīng)依據(jù)患者個(gè)體化情況(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
頸動(dòng)脈顱外段狹窄程度<50%時(shí),不推薦行CEA或CAS治療(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。
當(dāng)缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者有行CEA或CAS的治療指征時(shí),如果無(wú)早期再通禁忌證,應(yīng)在2周內(nèi)進(jìn)行手術(shù)(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
(二)顱外椎動(dòng)脈狹窄
雖然有樣本量較小的研究報(bào)道了手術(shù)治療椎動(dòng)脈疾病長(zhǎng)期隨訪效果良好[133],但目前尚無(wú)后循環(huán)疾病手術(shù)治療的相關(guān)RCT,手術(shù)治療椎動(dòng)脈阻塞性疾病并未在臨床上廣泛推廣。隨著血管內(nèi)治療技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展,手術(shù)治療現(xiàn)在已被血管內(nèi)治療所取代,但目前仍然沒(méi)有相關(guān)RCT證實(shí)血管內(nèi)治療優(yōu)于藥物規(guī)范治療。在一篇椎動(dòng)脈近端狹窄的綜述中指出,血管內(nèi)治療死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為0.3%,圍術(shù)期神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為5.5%,在14.2個(gè)月的隨訪期內(nèi),后循環(huán)腦卒中率為0.7%。平均12個(gè)月后,26%的患者發(fā)生了再狹窄,但是并不始終伴有癥狀復(fù)發(fā)[134]。椎動(dòng)脈近端狹窄支架置入有很高的操作成功率,手術(shù)難度并不高于其他部位,其特殊之處是比較高的再狹窄率。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
l
癥狀性顱外椎動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化狹窄患者,內(nèi)科藥物治療無(wú)效時(shí),可選擇支架置入術(shù)作為內(nèi)科藥物治療輔助技術(shù)手段(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
(三)鎖骨下動(dòng)脈狹窄和頭臂干狹窄
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化多累及鎖骨下動(dòng)脈和頭臂干,嚴(yán)重狹窄可引發(fā)一系列臨床癥狀(如上肢缺血或鎖骨下動(dòng)脈盜血綜合征等)。對(duì)有癥狀的患者應(yīng)該考慮通過(guò)血管內(nèi)技術(shù)或者外科手術(shù)進(jìn)行鎖骨下動(dòng)脈血運(yùn)重建。研究表明,手術(shù)治療鎖骨下動(dòng)脈或頭臂干狹窄的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和死亡率很低,且能夠保持良好的長(zhǎng)期血管通暢[135-136]。也可采用球囊成形術(shù)、斑塊旋切和支架置入治療鎖骨下動(dòng)脈狹窄,但目前沒(méi)有RCT對(duì)上述方法與外科血運(yùn)重建方法進(jìn)行比較。在鎖骨下動(dòng)脈和頭臂干阻塞性疾病的治療中,血管內(nèi)支架術(shù)成為開(kāi)胸外科手術(shù)的一種替代選擇。多項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道證實(shí),進(jìn)行鎖骨下動(dòng)脈和頭臂干的血管成形術(shù)和支架置入術(shù)的技術(shù)成功率和安全性很高,但是尚缺乏長(zhǎng)期隨訪數(shù)據(jù)[134,137-141]。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
鎖骨下動(dòng)脈狹窄或閉塞引起后循環(huán)缺血癥狀(鎖骨下動(dòng)脈竊血綜合征)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,如果標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)科藥物治療無(wú)效,且無(wú)手術(shù)禁忌,可行支架置入術(shù)或外科手術(shù)治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
頸總動(dòng)脈或者頭臂干病變導(dǎo)致的TIA和缺血性腦卒中患者,內(nèi)科藥物治療無(wú)效,且無(wú)手術(shù)禁忌,可行支架置入術(shù)或外科手術(shù)治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
(四)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄
顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是最常見(jiàn)的腦卒中病因之一,且與腦卒中再發(fā)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)[142]。介入治療是癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變的治療手段之一。雖然國(guó)內(nèi)、外部分小樣本研究顯示了顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈支架治療缺血性腦卒中或TIA具有一定的效果[143-151],但均非隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。SAMMPRIS研究[14]比較了單純強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科藥物治療和顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈支架治療聯(lián)合強(qiáng)化內(nèi)科藥物治療在癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄患者中腦卒中再發(fā)的預(yù)防作用,結(jié)果顯示,顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈支架治療后30天內(nèi)主要終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率較高(14.7%),而單純藥物治療組發(fā)生率低(5.8%),且支架治療組的終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率明顯高于此前的登記試驗(yàn)。我國(guó)一項(xiàng)基于中國(guó)人群的癥狀性大腦中動(dòng)脈狹窄患者的RCT結(jié)果顯示,血管內(nèi)治療聯(lián)合藥物治療組與單純藥物治療組相比,雖然沒(méi)有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)(兩組30天及1年終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義),但具有同樣的安全性[152]。目前支架治療癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄仍存在爭(zhēng)議,需要更多的臨床試驗(yàn)加以證實(shí)。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
對(duì)于癥狀性顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性狹窄≥70%的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)科藥物治療無(wú)效的情況下,可選擇血管內(nèi)介入治療作為內(nèi)科藥物治療的輔助技術(shù)手段,但患者的選擇應(yīng)嚴(yán)格和慎重(Ⅲ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
五、其他特殊情況下腦卒中患者的治療
(一)動(dòng)脈夾層
頸動(dòng)脈和椎動(dòng)脈夾層是較為常見(jiàn)的缺血性腦卒中病因。頸動(dòng)脈夾層占缺血性腦卒中病因構(gòu)成的2%。約15%的青年腦卒中患者是由頸動(dòng)脈夾層引起的。頸動(dòng)脈夾層可在沒(méi)有任何前驅(qū)癥狀的情況下自發(fā)出現(xiàn);一些輕微創(chuàng)傷例如頸部的過(guò)伸或過(guò)屈、脊椎**、咳嗽、嘔吐均有可能導(dǎo)致頸動(dòng)脈夾層。內(nèi)膜下夾層通常導(dǎo)致血管狹窄,外膜下夾層則會(huì)導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈瘤樣改變。動(dòng)脈夾層導(dǎo)致缺血性腦卒中的主要機(jī)制是早期血栓栓塞,少數(shù)為低灌注。夾層動(dòng)脈瘤引起腦卒中或動(dòng)脈破裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低。頸動(dòng)脈和椎動(dòng)脈夾層常可隨時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而愈合。觀察性研究顯示,抗血小板和抗凝治療的腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相似[153]。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
顱外頸動(dòng)脈或椎動(dòng)脈夾層的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,至少進(jìn)行3~6個(gè)月的抗凝或抗血小板治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
有顱外頸動(dòng)脈或椎動(dòng)脈夾層的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,使用最佳藥物治療但仍出現(xiàn)明確的復(fù)發(fā)腦缺血事件,可以考慮支架置入術(shù)(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
顱外頸動(dòng)脈或椎動(dòng)脈夾層的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,如果不具有血管內(nèi)治療指征或血管內(nèi)治療失敗,可考慮外科手術(shù)治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
(二)卵圓孔未閉
卵圓孔未閉(patent foramen ovale,PFO)可見(jiàn)于15%~25%的成年人中,與青年人的隱源性腦卒中密切相關(guān)。有PFO的隱源性腦卒中患者,腦血管事件發(fā)生率為2.53/100人年[154]。PICSS研究(Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study)報(bào)道在630例患者中,華法林治療組患者的2年事件發(fā)生率為16.5%,阿司匹林組為13.2%;在隱源性腦卒中亞組,華法林治療組的2年事件發(fā)生率為9.5%,阿司匹林組為17.9%。但該項(xiàng)研究缺乏足夠的統(tǒng)計(jì)效力[155]。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
伴有PFO的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,如無(wú)法接受抗凝治療,可予抗血小板治療(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
PFO伴有靜脈源性栓塞的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,推薦抗凝治療(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù));當(dāng)存在抗凝禁忌時(shí),可考慮放置下腔靜脈過(guò)濾器(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
PFO不伴深靜脈血栓的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,不建議行PFO封堵術(shù)(Ⅰ級(jí)推薦,A級(jí)證據(jù))。PFO伴有深靜脈血栓的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,可考慮PFO封堵術(shù)(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
(三)未破裂動(dòng)脈瘤
未破裂動(dòng)脈瘤的總體破裂風(fēng)險(xiǎn)每年為0.05%~2.00%。日本的一項(xiàng)觀察性研究顯示,374例缺血性腦卒中患者中,MRA檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)3.5%有未破裂動(dòng)脈瘤,這一比例與健康對(duì)照組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,隨訪3個(gè)月未觀察到動(dòng)脈瘤破裂[156]。韓國(guó)的一項(xiàng)觀察性研究顯示,314例缺血性腦卒中患者中,DSA檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)6.1%~6.6%的患者有未破裂動(dòng)脈瘤。女性、高齡患者相對(duì)多發(fā)。這些患者接受抗栓治療,隨訪2年未觀察到動(dòng)脈瘤破裂,有動(dòng)脈瘤患者與無(wú)動(dòng)脈瘤患者的臨床結(jié)局無(wú)明顯差異[157]。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
伴有小的未破裂動(dòng)脈瘤(直徑<10mm)的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,抗血小板治療可能是安全的(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
(四)煙霧病
煙霧病好發(fā)于青少年,女性多見(jiàn),男女比例為1∶(1.8~1.9)。約10%的患者有家族史。登記研究顯示,在首次發(fā)作中,TIA占44%,缺血性腦卒中占17%,出血性腦卒中占19%[158]。青少年患者以缺血型表現(xiàn)多見(jiàn)。出血型所占比例隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而增高。多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果顯示,直接或間接再血管化手術(shù)可以減少腦卒中的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、提高生活能力、改善長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后[159-162]。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
l
煙霧病患者發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中或TIA時(shí),應(yīng)首先考慮顱內(nèi)外血管重建手術(shù)治療。不能接受手術(shù)治療者,建議口服抗血小板治療。長(zhǎng)期服用抗血小板藥物或服用兩種及以上抗血小板藥物會(huì)增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
(五)顱內(nèi)出血后抗栓藥物的使用
有關(guān)顱內(nèi)出血急性期后抗栓藥物的使用研究,大多是小規(guī)模的觀察性研究。加拿大的觀察性隊(duì)列研究顯示,服用華法林期間發(fā)生顱內(nèi)出血者,在院內(nèi)重啟華法林治療后,1年內(nèi)有2.5%復(fù)發(fā)顱內(nèi)出血。這一比例并不高于未服用華法林者自發(fā)性腦出血后1年內(nèi)的再出血比例(2.1%~3.7%)[163]。中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)研究表明,顱內(nèi)出血后服用阿司匹林的患者,其顱內(nèi)出血的年復(fù)發(fā)率與未服用阿司匹林的顱內(nèi)出血者相當(dāng),而血管事件發(fā)生率減少50%[164]。缺血性腦卒中出血轉(zhuǎn)化患者多數(shù)無(wú)癥狀或癥狀輕微,小樣本研究顯示繼續(xù)抗栓治療安全可靠[165]。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
抗栓治療相關(guān)顱內(nèi)出血發(fā)生后,應(yīng)評(píng)估患者的抗栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及效益,選擇是否繼續(xù)抗栓治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
在急性腦出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血或硬膜下血腫后,患者如需恢復(fù)或啟動(dòng)抗栓治療,建議在發(fā)病1周后開(kāi)始(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
對(duì)于出血性腦梗死患者,根據(jù)具體臨床情況和潛在的抗凝治療指征,可以考慮繼續(xù)進(jìn)行抗栓治療(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
六、指南指導(dǎo)的二級(jí)預(yù)防藥物依從性
各國(guó)指南均指出,腦卒中或TIA患者規(guī)范的二級(jí)預(yù)防藥物治療能夠顯著降低腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、改善臨床預(yù)后,但是患者是否具有良好的藥物依從性是能否持續(xù)二級(jí)預(yù)防的關(guān)鍵。影響依從性的因素主要包括醫(yī)師因素、患者因素以及醫(yī)療體系因素[166]。國(guó)內(nèi)外觀察性研究顯示,具有良好的藥物依從性的缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者,臨床預(yù)后更好[167-170]。研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者出院后二級(jí)預(yù)防用藥的依從性隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而逐漸下降[167-168,171]。我國(guó)CNSR數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)顯示,我國(guó)出院3個(gè)月后的缺血性腦卒中和TIA患者,僅有63.6%的患者持續(xù)服用所有出院時(shí)開(kāi)具的腦卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防用藥。針對(duì)于此,我國(guó)啟動(dòng)了中國(guó)缺血性腦卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化治療(Standard Medical Management in Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke in China,SMART)研究[172],雖然在缺血性腦卒中二級(jí)預(yù)防標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化治療系統(tǒng)下僅有限地改善了藥物依從性,且并未改善患者的臨床預(yù)后,但是該研究為我國(guó)腦卒中患者的二級(jí)預(yù)防止療探索提供了新的道路。
【推薦意見(jiàn)】
缺血性腦卒中或TIA患者二級(jí)預(yù)防的藥物依從性影響腦卒中患者的臨床預(yù)后(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
醫(yī)師因素、患者因素以及醫(yī)療體系因素均影響患者的二級(jí)預(yù)防藥物依從性(Ⅲ級(jí)推薦,C級(jí)證據(jù))。
規(guī)范的二級(jí)預(yù)防流程,可能會(huì)提高二級(jí)預(yù)防藥物的實(shí)施率(Ⅱ級(jí)推薦,B級(jí)證據(jù))。
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王擁軍簡(jiǎn)介
主任醫(yī)師、教授、博士研究生導(dǎo)師,北京天壇醫(yī)院副院長(zhǎng)、神經(jīng)內(nèi)科主任,北京市腦血管病搶救治療中心主任,中國(guó)卒中中心培訓(xùn)中心主任。中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)北京分會(huì)神經(jīng)科委員;北京神經(jīng)科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)理事;北京神經(jīng)病學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)沙龍主席;《世界醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》執(zhí)行主編;《腦血管疾病雜志》副主編;《中華內(nèi)科雜志》、《中華老年心腦血管病雜志》、《中國(guó)臨床神經(jīng)科學(xué)》、《中國(guó)綜合臨床醫(yī)學(xué)》、《中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》、《國(guó)外醫(yī)學(xué)腦血管病分冊(cè)》等多種期刊編委;美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)中風(fēng)專家委員會(huì)(AHA Stroke Council)委員;美國(guó)**卒中學(xué)會(huì)(National Stroke Association)委員。
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